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recipe
March/April 2010
The day all the French ate vegetarian
Three dishes from the reign of Louis
XIV
Dutch version
of this recipe
Jean-Louis
Flandrin, who died in 2001, wrote in his posthumously printed book
L'Ordre des mets that the reformation
was so succesful in North-West Europe because of the prohibition of butter by
the catholic church during Lent. Southern Europe used olive oil anyway, but in
the North-West suet, lard and butter were the cooking media. During Lent all
animal fat was banned from the kitchen, just as meat, cheese and eggs. So
maybe it was to prevent an exodus from the mother-church that by the seventeenth
century the use of butter during Lent was permitted in the catholic church.
On the other hand, in seventeenth-century France the diet was even more
restricted during one
special day in the year. Lent was the forty-day fast from carnival to Easter, in
which no meat, eggs, milk and cheese were permitted, fish was the food par
excellence during these days. But in France on Good Friday (this year 2 April)
fish also was prohibited. This was the day all France ate vegetarian.
The culinary consequences of this special day can
be seen in some French cookbooks from that period. In my article on
the recipe for Potage à la Reine I have already
mentioned how this worked in Le cuisinier François from La Varenne
(1651 edition).
He dedicated two chapters to dishes for Good Friday, one on pottages and one for
entrees. There are some recipes in these chapters, but more references to
recipes elsewhere in the cookbook, in the chapters for fishdays (jours
maigres) and Lent (Caresme) that were without fish anyway.
Another cookbook with vegetarian recipes for Good
Friday is Le cuisinier from 1656, by Pierre de Lune
(edition). But where La Varenne suffices
mainly witth referring, Pierre de Lune went all out: no less than one in every
six recipes in his cookbook is especially for Good Friday. Other recipe
from Pierre de Lune on this site: Salmon in red
wine sauce.
Good Friday is part of the Easter cycle, which is
dependent on the moon cycle. Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the
first full moon after the beginning of spring. Carnival, Ash Wednessday, Good
Friday, Ascension and Pentecost all change according to the date of Easter. Good
Friday can be anywhere between 20 March and 23 April (see
Wikipedia on the Easter
date), but in the recipes of La Varenne and De Lune for that day asparagus are
mentioned, artichokes, spinach and lettuce. Were all these vegetables grown in
greenhouses? Orangeries abounded, but hothouses to grow vegetables didn't come
into existence untill the nineteenth century.
The possible answer to this riddle: both authors also teach how to conserve
vegetables, Pierre de Lune has a chapter on this immediately preceding the
chapters on recipes for Good Friday. Thus we are instructed on how to preserve
asparagus, artichokes, cardoons, lettuce, cucumber, garden peas and white
mushrooms, and instructed on drying morilles and fairy ring mushrooms.
On this page you'll find recipes for a pottage, a
tourte and a salad, all for Good Friday: Potage ou Jacobine
(pottage with musrooms and artichoke bottoms), Tourte d'épinards
(tourte with spinach), and Salade de grenade (salad with pomegranate). Pierre de Lune
provides full recipes for the potage and tourte, but salads
are only mentioned, because that preparation belongs elsewhere: "Ami lecteur, je
mets ici des salades seulement pour vous faire souvenir qu'en ce jour on en doit
beaucoup servir; mais c'est une affaire d'office" ("dear reader, I
just mention the salads here to remind you that on this day you must serve a lot
of them, but that task belongs to the office",
edition pp.431/432 - the first salad he mentions is Salade de grenade).
As it happens,
La gastronomie au Grand
Siècle (a collection of French and Italian recipes from the 17th
century, edited by Sabban and Serventi) offers some recipes for salads, including one with pomegranate.
The original recipes
The first two recipes are taken from
Le cuisinier from Pierre de Lune (edition
p.412 and 418). According to the editor the texts
are printed in their version d'origine, but the French spelling is
modernized. There is a printing error in the recipe title for
the pottage, I have changed "potage ou jacobine"
into "potage au jacobine".
The third recipe is from Le cuisinier méthodique (published anonymously
in 1660), found in
La Gastronomie au Grand Siècle (edition p.198).
I don't know the context of this recipe, so am unable to determine whether this
recipe was especially for Good Friday, but, as Pierre de Lune mentions a Salade de grenade,
I thought it fitting to present it here.
.
Potage au jacobine
Faites mitonner croûtes de pain avec purée claire; hachez une douzaine
de champignons et deux culs d'artichauts; semez sur les croûtes et y
mettez aussi fromage de Milan râpé; couvrez le plat, et passez par la
poêle câpres, farine avec beurre roux, et un peu de purée, et mettez sur
le potage; garnissez de citron. |
Jacobin pottage
Steep pieces of bread in thin purée. Chop twelve white mushrooms and two
artichoke bottoms. Divide over the bread, and also put cheese from Milan
over it. Cover the dish, and sauté capers and flour with butter, and
some purée, and pour on the pottage. Garnish with lemon. |
Tourte d'épinards
Faites blanchir les épinards avec eau bouillante; secouez-les et les
hachez bien menu; assaisonnez de beurre, sel, cannelle, sucre, écorce de
citron râpée ou pilée, et faites pâte avec farine, beurre, vin blanc et
sel, et la bardez; dorez la de même que l'autre; mettez sucre et fleurs
d'oranger en servant. |
Spinach pie
Blanch the spinach in boiling water. Shake it and chop finely. Season
with butter, salt, cinnamon, sugar, grated or peeled lemon zest. Prepare
a dough with flour, butter, white wine and salt, and stuff it. Glaze in
the same way as the other [tourte in the previous recipe]. Sprinkle with
sugar and orange blossom when it is served. |
Salade de grenade
Mondez les grains de la grenade, & les dressez sur une assiette, & la
garnissez de citron par tranches & pistaches entières, & se sert avec le
sucre. |
Salade of pomegranate
'Peel' the pomegranate pips and arrange them on a dish. Garnish with
lemon slices and whole pistachios. Serve with sugar. |
The modern adaptation of the recipes
Jacobin Pottage
Printoutversion of the recipe
Chances were that the mushrooms and artichokes
used in this recipe were not fresh but from preserves. Artichokes are harvested
in late summer and early autumn, mushrooms (specifically Agaricus bisporus)
from May to October. There is also a recipe for a delicious
medieval version of this recipe for meat days,
with chicken.
For four persons as first course.
List
of ingredients:
4 thick slices of firm white bread (pain de campagne)
150 gram
(2 cups) white mushrooms (canned, or bought fresh and blanched)
2 artichoke bottoms (canned, or from freshly cooked artichokes)
75 gram (3/4 cup) freshly grated Grana Padano (or Parmigiano Reggiano, but in
this recipe I prefer the Grana)
1 1/2 Tbs capers
2 Tbs butter
1 1/2 Tbs flour
3/4 liter (3 cups) thin purée
1 lemon
Preparation in advance:
Prepare the purée. This was a 'thin (clear) pea soup', that was used
during the many days that the consumption of meat (and meat stock) was
prohibited by the church. Here is the recipe.
Chop the mushrooms and artichoke bottoms.
Drain the capers and pat them dry.
Preparation:
Lay one slice of bread in individual soup plates or bowls, or put them all in one large soup
terrine. Pour a little heated purée over the bread, and sprinkle the chopped
mushrooms and artichoke bottoms on it. Cover and keep warm (in the oven at 100
dgC/210 dgF).
Melt the butter in a skillet, heat until slightly coloured. Add the capers and
after a few seconds the flour. Mix until a dough-like ball forms. Then start
adding the preheated purée little by little. Keep stirring. The purée has
now thickened a little.
Just before serving, sprinkle the bread with grated cheese, than pour the
thickened purée over it.
To
serve:
Finish with placing a thin slice of lemon on top, and serve at once, hot.
Spinach Pie
Printoutversion of the recipe
This pie is made with a simple dough, but it is special because the dough is
prepared with white wine instead of water. You can easily change the amounts in
the recipe, as long as the proportions remain the same (in weight flour:butter:wine = 2:1:1
- in volume 9:2:2). Other recipes for dough on this
site.
To glaze the pie, the recipe refers to the previous one (for tourte de
champignons). "La dorez avec lait et
beurre fondu" it says, so that's what we'll do.
The amount of butter used in this recipe is large, but remember that in the
seventeenth century butter was used a lot, and in classical French cuisine, it
still is. Using less butter will cause the spinach stuffing to be too dry.
For eight to twelve persons as side dish, for four to six persons as vegetarian
main dish.
List
of ingredients:
The dough:
300 gram (2 1/3 cup) flour
150 gram
(2/3 cup) butter at room temperature
1 1/2 deciliter (2/3 cup) white wine
1 tsp salt
butter to grease the mould
The stuffing:
2 kilo (6 bunches) tender raw spinach or 1 1/2 kilo (4 1/2 bunches) winter
spinach (has coarser leaf)
or 750 gram
(3 1/3 cup) frozen blanched and chopped spinach (450 tot 550 gram (2 to 2 1/2
cup) is what you end up whith when the spinach is completely thawed and pressed
to remove moisture)
80 gram (1/3 cup) butter
1/4 to 1/2 tsp salt
1/2 tsp cinnamon
1 to 1 1/2 tsp sugar
zest of 1/4 lemon
The glaze:
1 Tbsp milk
1 Tbsp melted butter
To serve:
sugar to taste
orange flower water to
taste
Preparation in advance:
First you prepare the dough: mix flour with salt, add butter and wine, and knead
until a supple dough is formed. Keep kneading at least ten minutes, then wrap in
plastic foil and let rest for an hour. Preferably not in the refrigerator, the
butter will harden and make the dough too stiff to roll out.
Meanwhile, blanch the spinach, drain well and squeeze to get it as dry as
possible. Instead of blanching, you can also stir-fry the spinach without adding
any liquid, with a little butter. Chop the spinach finely. If you're lazy, just
buy a package of frozen spinach, let it thaw and squeeze the spinach dry.
Pour boiling water over the lemon (even when using organic fruit, because these
also have a wax layer to prevent them from drying out) and use a zester to
get the zest of a quarter lemon, or use a grater or small flexible knife. Take
care to use only the aromatic yellow, discard the white.
Preparation:
Preheat the oven to 200 grC/390 dgF.
Grease a pie mould with butter. Roll out the first half of the dough. Before
rolling, flatten the dough ball with your hands, sprinkle the worktop with
flour, sprinkle also some flour on the dough. Roll out to a fairly thin sheet,
drape this in the mould, let the dough hang over the sides.
Melt butter for the spinach, add to the greens together with salt, cinnamon,
lemon zest and sugar, mix well. Scoop the stuffing into the piemould.
Roll out the rest of the dough and drape this over the stuffed pie mould. Press
the two sheets of dough together and remove overhanging dough. Decorate with
leftover dough. Be inspired by seventeenth-century art, or anything that strikes
your fancy.
Melt butter for glazing, add milk, and glaze the piecrust with it.
Place the pie about one-third from the bottom of the oven and bake thirty
minutes until the top is nicely coloured. Check however from twenty minutes
onward, because some ovens bake faster than others.
To
serve:
Just sprinkle some sugar and orange blossom water over the pie just before
serving.
Of course you show the pie to your guests before cutting it, so they can admire
your artistic handywork! Then divide into the desired number of slices. Eat the
pie hot or warm, because the butter will solidify again when the pie cools down.
This pie can also be served as a vegetarian main
dish, if you serve something like boiled or poeached eggs along with it. Do not
serve with a salad with lettuce or other leafy greens (because spinach itself is
a leafy green).
Pomegranate Salad
Printoutversion of the recipe
A brilliant salad, as if a jewel box is set in front of you! On
top of that, it's almost obscenely healthy and very easy to prepare. I guess
that pistaches
entières means the shelled nuts, but unchopped.
As small side dish for 2 to 3 persons.
List
of ingredients:
2 pomegranates
1/4 lemon
3 Tbsp shelled pistachio nuts (preferably unsalted)
sugar to taste
Preparation in advance:
Cut open the pomegranates and scoop out the pulp.
Remove the rind of a quarter lemon. Cut into thin slices.
Preparation:
Arrange the pomegranate pips on a decorative dish. Add the quartered lemon
slices and pistachios. Sprinkle with sugar if you want, but be sure to taste it
first without. If the pomegranate is sweet enough, you won't need any sugar.
To
serve:
This salad is a side dish. According to Sabban and Serventi (edition
p.198) it's a perfect
combination with roasted meat, but I think roasted fish fits equally well.
This recipe is an absolute favourite of mine: pure ingredients, refreshing, not
too sour (even without added sugar), and very, very healthy.
Ingredients
All descriptions of ingredients
Fromage de Milan -
This is Parmesan cheese, according to the
Encyclopédie Méthodique Commerce
Vol..2 part 1 (1783), under the heading of
Fromages Étrangers, p.467 "De toutes les espèces de fromages,
celui d'Italie est le plus estimé. Il vient en grosses meules ou pains ronds,
épais de cinq à six pouces, que quelques-uns nomment des pièces. Il
sont du pois depuis 50 jusq'a 90 livres. Cette sorte de fromage se vend en
France sous le titre de fromage de Milan ou de Parmesan". It is
confusing that on the same page you can read that 'fromage
de Parme, vulgairement apellé Parmesan', is mentioned as one of
the (fromages de) Hollande. I imagine that is an editor's error.
Office - In the kitchen
all warm dishes were prepared, but because of the heat of the fires it was too
hot for cold preparations. Confectionery, distillation, cold meals, desserts and
dishes like salads were prepared in the office, a smaller and cooler
space then the cuisine (but the office also had an -elevated- hearth
and oven).
Pomegranate -
Fruit with a respectable history. The Punica granatum originates from the Middle
East, it's a small tree, indigenous in Iran (former Persia). The myth of
Persephone is connected with it: she was daughter to the Greek godess of
fertility, Demeter. Kidnapped by Hades, god of the underworld, she ate a
pomegranate, despite her promise not to eat anything whilst down there. She
remebered just in time and spit the food out, but because she had swallowed six
pips, she has to stay with Hades six months every year. This is the origin of
summer and winter. The pomegranate is also candidate for the fruit that caused
Adam and Eve's expulsion from Paradise, and the start of the Trojan war (the
apple Aphrodite offered Paris), but it has to share the honour with the quince.
And maybe these were indeed just ... apples.
The red gemstone is named after the pomegranate because of its colour and
brilliance, the weapon because of the way it shatters into shards like
pomegranate pips. And grenadine, the sweet drink, is made from pomegranate
juice. From a culinary point of view you only want the bright red pulp
surrounding the pips (although these can be eaten too).
Mousseron - In English this mushroom is
called St.George's mushroom, the scientific name is
Calocybe gambosa or Tricholoma georgii. It grows in fairy
rings, from the end of April to the beginning of June, and is associated with
Saint George because 23 April (St.
George's day, you know, the one with the dragon) is when the mushrooms first
show their little hoods. This makes it one of the earliest edible mushrooms that
can be gathered after winter.
Purée - A standard ingredient that was used
instead of meat stock, especially during Lent. Mostly prepared with dried peas.
Here are some recipes.
Tarte and tourte - In French you
have
tarte and tourte. The first is an open pie, the other closed.
Bibliography
The editions below are in my
possession. Links refer to available editions.
All books mentioned on this site
Jean-Louis Flandrin, L'ordre des mets
(Paris, 2002), English edition
Arranging the Meal: A History of Table Service in France (California Studies in Food and Culture) (2007)
François Pierre La Varenne , Le cuisinier
françois d'apres l'édition de 1651, Facsimile edition with preface by
Philip en Mary Hyman. (Houilles, 2002).
François Pierre La Varenne, The French Cook; The French Pastry Chef; The
French Confectioner A modern English translation and commentary by Terence
Scully. (Prospect Books, 2006) Uses the second edition, from 1652.
Pierre de Lune, Le Cuisinier, from 1656. Edition: L'art de la cuisine française au XVIIe siècle,
pp.239/437
(Paris, 1995)
F.
Sabban en S. Serventi, La gastronomie au Grand Siècle. 100 recettes de
France et d'Italie Ed. Stock, (1998).
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05-03-10 (d-m-y).
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